Lessons
References
- Huffard CL, Boneka F, Full RJ. 2005. Underwater Bipedal Locomotionby Octopuses in Disguise. Science 307:1927
- Miller KG, Kominz MA, Browning JV, Wright JD, Mountain GS, Katz ME, Sugarman PJ, Cramer BS, Christie-Blick N, and Pekar SF. 2005. The Phanerozoic Record in Global Sea-Level Change. Science 310:1293-1298
- Rogl VF and Steininger FF. 1983. Vom Zerfall der Tethys zu Mediterran und Paratethys. Die neogene Palaogeographie und Palinspastik des zirkum-mediterranen Raumes. Annalen Naturhist.Mus. Wein, 85/A:135-163
- Bromage TG, Schrenk F. 1994. Biogeographic and climatic basis for a narrative of early hominid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 28:109-114
- DeMenocal PB. 1995. Plio-pleistocene African climate. Science 270:53-59.
- Jomes S, Martin R, and Pilbeam D (Eds). 2005. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Senut B. 2005. Bipedie et Climat. C.R. Palevol 5:89-98
- Klein, RG. 2009. The Human Career Human: Biological and Cultural Origins, Third edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Kappelman J. 2005 (Ed). Virtual Laboratories for Physical Anthropology. CD-ROM. Vers. 4.0.
- Johnason DC and Edgar B. 2006. From Lucy to Language: Revised, Updated and Expanded. New York: Simon & Schuster
- Johanson DC and Edey MA. 1981. Lucy: The beginnings of humankind. New York: Simon and Shuster.
- Fleagle JG. 1999. Primate Adaptation and Evolution, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Sept J and Betti L, in Fleagle JG. 1999. Primate Adaptation and Evolution, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Sockol MD, Raichlen DA, Pontzer H. 2007. Chimpanzee locomotor energetics and the origin of human bipedalism. PNAS 104(30):12265-12269.
- Lovejoy CO. 2005. The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and Pelvis. Gait & Posture 21(1):95-112.
- Lovejoy CO. 2005. The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 2. Hip and Thigh. Gait & Posture 21(1):113-124.
- Corriccin RS and Mchenry HM. 1980. Hominid Femoral Neck Length. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 52:397-398.
- Lovejoy CO. 2007. The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 3. The Knee. Gait & Posture 25(3):325-341.
- Duncan AS, Kappelman J, Shapiro LJ. 1994. Metatarsophalaneal Join Function and Positional Behavior in Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93(1):67-81
- Leakey MD. 1979. 3.6 million years old: footprints in the ashes of time [Laetoli]. National Geographic Magazine 155(4):446-457.
- Johanson DC and White TD. 1979. A Systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 203(4379):321-330
- Schwartz JH and Tattersal I. 2005. The Human Fossil Record: Craniodential Morphology of Early Hominids (Genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Orrorin), and Overview. Vol 4. New Jersey: Wiley-Liss
- Stern JT. 2000. Climbing to the top: A personal memoir of Australopithecus afarensis. Evolutionary Anthropology 9(3):113-133.
- Nakatsukasa M, Pickford M, Egi N, and Senut B. 2007. Femur length, body mass, and stature estimates of Orrorin tugenensis, a 6 Ma hominid from Kenya. Primates 48:171-178
- Pickford M, Senut B, Gommery D, and Treil J. 2002. Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. C.R. Palevol (2002) 1:191-203
- Richmond BG and Jungers WL. 2008. Orrorin tugenensis femoral morphology and the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Science 319: 1662-1665
- Guy F, Lieberman DE, Pilbeam D, Ponce de Leon M, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, Zollikofer C, and Brunet M. 2005. Morphological affinities of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Late Miocene hominid from Chad) cranium. PNAS 102(52):18836-18841
- Brunet M, Guy, F, Pilbeam D, Mackay HT, Likius A, Ahounta D, Beauvilains A, Blondel C, Bocherens H, Boisserie J, De Bonis, L, Coppens Y, Dejax J, Denys C, Duringer P, Eisenmann V, Fanone G, Fronty P, Geraads D, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Louchart A, Mahamat A, Merceron G, Mouchelin G, Otero O, Campomanes PP, de Leon MP, Rage J, Sapanet M, Schuster M, Sudre J, Tassy P, Valentin X, Vignaud P, Viriot L, Zazzo A, and Zollikofer C. 2002. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418:145-151, 801
- Wood B and Lonergan N. 2008. The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades. J. Anat.212:354-376.
- PBS: Evolution. 2001. Laetoli Footprints [Photograph] 6 Dec 2008 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/riddle/images/laetoli.jpg
- Lovejoy CO, Latimer B, Suwa G, Asfaw B, White TD. 2009. Combining Prehension and Propulsion; The Foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 326(5949):72,72e1-72e8.
- Lovejoy O, Suwa G, Spurlock L, Asfaw B, White TD. 2009. The Pelvis and Femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: The Emergence of Upright Walking. Science 236(5949):71,71e1-71e6
- Kanamoto S, Ogihara N, Nakatsukasa M. 2011. Three-dimensional orientations of talar articular surfaces in humans and great apes. Primates 52:61-68.
- DeSilva JM. 2009. Functional morphology of the ankle and the likelihood of climbing in early hominins. PNAS 106(16):6567-6572